What is PLA?
PLA filament – Easily printable and the most popular 3D printing material
PLA filament is the most widely used 3D printing material in the world, especially in FDM and FFF printers. Its popularity is primarily due to its ease of printing, uniform surface quality and low hardware requirements. When starting 3D printing for the first time, PLA is almost always the first material that the user encounters. However, it is not only a material for beginners, but is also widely used in design, prototyping and visual models, where precise geometry and clean surface quality are the most important.
PLA is based on polylactide, which is a biodegradable polymer and is typically made from renewable raw materials such as corn starch or sugar cane. This makes PLA an environmentally attractive alternative compared to many other engineering plastics. The chemical structure of the material makes it rigid and dimensionally accurate, which is reflected in the prints as sharp corners and good dimensional stability. At the same time, this rigidity makes the material slightly more brittle compared to other filaments such as PETG or ABS, which is why PLA is not the best option for mechanically loaded structures.
PLA properties and technical values
The properties of PLA vary slightly depending on the manufacturer, but the table below describes typical values that can be used to assess the material's suitability for different applications.
| Feature | Typical value | Practical significance |
|---|---|---|
| Tensile strength | 50–65 MPa | Good strength in lightweight structures |
| Elastic modulus | 3–3.5 GPa | Stiff material, retains its shape |
| Heat deflection temperature (HDT) | 55–65°C | Softens at relatively low temperatures |
| Impact resistance | Low–medium level | Can break from impact |
| UV resistance | Medium level | Long-term UV exposure can embrittle the material |
| Shrinkage | Very low | Prints accurately without warping |
| Density | about 1.24 g/cm³ | Lightweight and stiff material |
PLA's main strength is its very low shrinkage during printing. This means that parts adhere well to the print bed and maintain accurate dimensions even in large prints. Compared to materials such as ABS, PLA does not require a closed print chamber or high bed temperatures, making it a very user-friendly material for almost all 3D printers.
What is PLA filament used for in practice?
PLA is ideal for prototypes, decorative objects, models and visual parts where good surface quality and precise geometry are important. The material often produces very clean surfaces, which is why it is also widely used in architectural models, design projects and various exhibition objects. Since PLA does not shrink significantly during printing, it also works well for large prints where dimensional accuracy is important.
Many hobbyists also use PLA for practical items such as storage solutions, desk accessories and lightweight fixtures. However, it is important to note that PLA cannot withstand high temperatures. For example, a PLA print left inside a car in the summer heat can soften and lose its shape. Therefore, for hot or mechanically stressed parts, it is worth considering more technical materials.
PLA printing and hardware requirements
PLA is one of the easiest materials to 3D print, and it doesn’t require any special equipment. Typical nozzle temperatures range from 190–220°C, and the build plate temperature is often 50–60°C. Many printers can print PLA even without a heated bed, making it very suitable for even the most budget-friendly devices. The material’s low shrinkage reduces warping and makes the printing process very predictable.
PLA is also a non-abrasive material, so a standard brass nozzle will last a very long time without significant wear. This makes the material a cost-effective option for both hobbyists and educational use. Good cooling during printing improves surface quality and helps preserve detail, especially in small geometries. PLA responds well to ventilation, which is why most printers produce very accurate and clean results with it.
Frequently asked questions about PLA filament
Is PLA a good material for beginners?
Yes. PLA is one of the easiest 3D printing materials to use because it does not require high temperatures or a closed printing chamber.
Can PLA withstand heat?
PLA softens at a temperature of around 60 °C, so it is not suitable for hot environments or, for example, car interiors in the summer.
Is PLA biodegradable?
PLA is made from renewable raw materials and can decompose under industrial composting conditions, but decomposition in ordinary nature is significantly slower.
Is PLA strong?
PLA is quite stiff and has good tensile strength, but it is also more brittle than many other filaments such as PETG or ABS.
Does PLA need a heated bed?
In most cases, yes, but many small prints can be made without it. However, a heated bed improves adhesion and print reliability.
Can PLA be used outdoors?
Yes, but prolonged UV exposure and heat can cause the material to become brittle and yellow over time. Some PLA prints will last for years outdoors, but for long-term use, ASA is a better option
Summary
PLA filament is one of the basic materials for 3D printing and is an excellent choice when ease of printing, good surface quality and precise geometry are important. Although it is not as heat or impact resistant as many technical filaments, its reliability and simple printing process make it a very practical material for many applications. PLA is widely used by both hobbyists and professionals for prototypes, models and visual prints where precision and a clean appearance are more important than extreme mechanical durability.