What is ABS?
ABS Filament
ABS filament is one of the most well-known and longest-used 3D printing materials. It is specifically designed for technical and mechanically stressed parts that require better impact resistance and heat tolerance than, for example, PLA. When durability, machinability, and good mechanical performance are required from a print, ABS remains one of the most popular choices for FDM printing.
ABS is based on ABS polymer, whose name comes from acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene. The material was originally developed for industrial use and is widely used in, for example, the automotive industry, electronics casings, and consumer products. In 3D printing, ABS is particularly known for its good impact resistance, moderate heat resistance, and the possibility of chemically smoothing its surface post-processing.
ABS Properties and Technical Values
The properties of ABS filament vary depending on the manufacturer, but the table below describes typical values and provides a realistic picture of the material's performance in technical applications.
|
Property |
Typical Value |
Practical Significance |
|
Tensile Strength |
30–45 MPa |
Good mechanical resistance |
|
Elastic Modulus |
1.5–2.5 GPa |
Moderate stiffness |
|
Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT) |
85–100 °C |
Better heat resistance than PLA |
|
Impact Resistance |
Good |
Withstands impacts and vibrations |
|
UV Resistance |
Poor–Moderate |
Not suitable for prolonged outdoor use without protection |
|
Shrinkage |
Moderate–High |
Requires a controlled printing environment |
|
Density |
approx. 1.04 g/cm³ |
Lightweight engineering plastic |
These properties make ABS filament an excellent choice for technical parts for indoor use where durability is required but not continuous UV exposure. Compared to PLA, ABS withstands heat better and does not soften as easily in hot environments. Compared to PETG, ABS is often easier to machine and chemically finish.
What is ABS filament used for in practice?
ABS filament is widely used in mechanical parts, enclosures, fixtures, and prototypes where impact resistance and moderate heat tolerance are required. It is a common material for tool holders, electronics casings, and mechanical adapters, for example. ABS is also well-suited for parts that are to be post-processed by sanding or chemically smoothed, as the material reacts to acetone, allowing for a smooth, injection-molded-like surface.
ABS printing and hardware requirements
ABS is not the easiest material to print because it shrinks relatively significantly when cooling. This can cause corner lifting or layer cracking if the printing environment is not stable enough. The best results are achieved by using a heated bed, typically 90–110 degrees Celsius, and preferably an enclosed print chamber, which reduces temperature fluctuations.
Nozzle temperatures typically range between 230–260 degrees. Unlike fiber-reinforced filaments, ABS does not significantly wear down the nozzle, so a standard brass nozzle is well-suited for use. However, adequate ventilation is important, as ABS can release styrene-based fumes during printing.
Frequently asked questions about ABS filament
Is ABS better than PLA?
ABS is better when heat resistance and impact strength are needed. PLA is easier to print but softens at lower temperatures and does not withstand mechanical stress as well.
Is ABS suitable for outdoor use?
ABS is not the best option for long-term outdoor use because UV radiation can embrittle the material over time. ASA is more suitable for outdoor use.
Is ABS difficult to print?
ABS is more demanding than PLA because it shrinks upon cooling. A heated bed and an enclosed print chamber significantly improve success rates.
Can ABS be sanded and painted?
Yes. ABS is easy to sand, drill, and paint. In addition, its surface can be smoothed with acetone vapor, which makes it popular for finishing prototypes.
Does ABS require a special nozzle?
No. ABS is not an abrasive material, so a standard brass nozzle works fine.
Why does ABS smell when printing?
ABS releases styrene compounds during printing, which have a distinctive odor. Good ventilation or a filtered print chamber is recommended.
Summary
ABS filament is a classic technical 3D printing material that offers a good balance of impact resistance, heat tolerance, and workability. Although it requires a more controlled printing environment than PLA, it rewards the user with durable and versatile parts that are widely applicable to mechanical and technical applications. When a traditional, reliable, and post-processable material is needed for functional parts intended for indoor use, ABS remains a very viable option.